.NET 6 中哈希算法的简化用途

Intro
微软在 .NET 6 中引入一些更简单的 API 来使用 HMAC 哈希算法(MD5/SHA1/SHA256/SHA384/SHA512)
 
微软的叫法叫做 HMAC One-Shoot method, HMAC 算法在普通的哈希算法基础上增加了一个 key，通过 key 提升了安全性，能够有效避免密码泄露被彩虹表反推出真实密码， JWT(Json Web Token) 除了可以使用 RSA 方式外也支持使用 HMAC 。
 
New API
新增的 API 定义如下：
 
namespace System.Security.Cryptography {
    public partial class HMACMD5 {
        public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);
        public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source);
        public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination);
        public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination, out int bytesWritten);
    }
 
    public partial class HMACSHA1 {
        public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);
        public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source);
        public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination);
        public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination, out int bytesWritten);
    }
 
    public partial class HMACSHA256 {
        public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);
        public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source);
        public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination);
        public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination, out int bytesWritten);
    }
 
    public partial class HMACSHA384 {
        public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);
        public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source);
        public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination);
        public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination, out int bytesWritten);
    }
 
    public partial class HMACSHA512 {
        public static byte[] HashData(byte[] key, byte[] source);
        public static byte[] HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source);
        public static int HashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination);
        public static bool TryHashData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, Span<byte> destination, out int bytesWritten);
    }
}
Sample Before
在之前的版本中想要实现计算 HMAC 算法会比较复杂，之前实现了一个 HashHelper 来封装了常用的 Hash 算法和 HMAC 算法，HashHelper 部分代码如下，完整代码可以从 Github 获取：https://github.com/WeihanLi/WeihanLi.Common/blob/dev/src/WeihanLi.Common/Helpers/HashHelper.cs
 
/// <summary>
/// 获取哈希之后的字符串
/// </summary>
/// <param name="type">哈希类型</param>
/// <param name="source">源</param>
/// <param name="key">key</param>
/// <param name="isLower">是否是小写</param>
/// <returns>哈希算法处理之后的字符串</returns>
public static string GetHashedString(HashType type, byte[] source, byte[]? key, bool isLower = false)
{
    Guard.NotNull(source, nameof(source));
    if (source.Length == 0)
    {
        return string.Empty;
    }
    var hashedBytes = GetHashedBytes(type, source, key);
    var sbText = new StringBuilder();
    if (isLower)
    {
        foreach (var b in hashedBytes)
        {
            sbText.Append(b.ToString("x2"));
        }
    }
    else
    {
        foreach (var b in hashedBytes)
        {
            sbText.Append(b.ToString("X2"));
        }
    }
    return sbText.ToString();
}
 
/// <summary>
/// 计算字符串Hash值
/// </summary>
/// <param name="type">hash类型</param>
/// <param name="str">要hash的字符串</param>
/// <returns>hash过的字节数组</returns>
public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, string str) => GetHashedBytes(type, str, Encoding.UTF8);
 
/// <summary>
/// 计算字符串Hash值
/// </summary>
/// <param name="type">hash类型</param>
/// <param name="str">要hash的字符串</param>
/// <param name="encoding">编码类型</param>
/// <returns>hash过的字节数组</returns>
public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, string str, Encoding encoding)
{
    Guard.NotNull(str, nameof(str));
    if (str == string.Empty)
    {
        return Array.Empty<byte>();
    }
    var bytes = encoding.GetBytes(str);
    return GetHashedBytes(type, bytes);
}
 
/// <summary>
/// 获取Hash后的字节数组
/// </summary>
/// <param name="type">哈希类型</param>
/// <param name="bytes">原字节数组</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, byte[] bytes) => GetHashedBytes(type, bytes, null);
 
/// <summary>
/// 获取Hash后的字节数组
/// </summary>
/// <param name="type">哈希类型</param>
/// <param name="key">key</param>
/// <param name="bytes">原字节数组</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static byte[] GetHashedBytes(HashType type, byte[] bytes, byte[]? key)
{
    Guard.NotNull(bytes, nameof(bytes));
    if (bytes.Length == 0)
    {
        return bytes;
    }
 
    HashAlgorithm algorithm = null!;
    try
    {
        if (key == null)
        {
            algorithm = type switch
            {
                    HashType.SHA1 => new SHA1Managed(),
                    HashType.SHA256 => new SHA256Managed(),
                    HashType.SHA384 => new SHA384Managed(),
                    HashType.SHA512 => new SHA512Managed(),
                    _ => MD5.Create()
            };
        }
        else
        {
            algorithm = type switch
            {
                    HashType.SHA1 => new HMACSHA1(key),
                    HashType.SHA256 => new HMACSHA256(key),
                    HashType.SHA384 => new HMACSHA384(key),
                    HashType.SHA512 => new HMACSHA512(key),
                    _ => new HMACMD5(key)
            };
        }
        return algorithm.ComputeHash(bytes);
    }
    finally
    {
        algorithm.Dispose();
    }
}
使用示例如下：
 
HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test");
HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test".GetBytes());
HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test", "testKey");
HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, "test".GetBytes(), "testKey".GetBytes());
 
HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.MD5, "test");
HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.SHA1, "test".GetBytes());
HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.SHA256, "test", "testKey");
HashHelper.GetHashedString(HashType.MD5, "test".GetBytes(), "testKey".GetBytes());
New API Sample
有了新的 API 以后可以怎么简化呢，来看下面的示例：
 
var bytes = "test".GetBytes();
var keyBytes = "test-key".GetBytes();
 
// HMACMD5
var hmd5V1 = HMACMD5.HashData(keyBytes, bytes);
var hmd5V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.MD5, bytes, keyBytes);
Console.WriteLine(hmd5V2.SequenceEqual(hmd5V1));
 
// HMACSHA1
var hsha1V1 = HMACSHA1.HashData(keyBytes, bytes);
var hsha1V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA1, bytes, keyBytes);
Console.WriteLine(hsha1V2.SequenceEqual(hsha1V1));
 
// HMACSHA256
var hsha256V1 = HMACSHA256.HashData(keyBytes, bytes);
var hsha256V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA256, bytes, keyBytes);
Console.WriteLine(hsha256V2.SequenceEqual(hsha256V1));
 
// HMACSHA384
var hsha384V1 = HMACSHA384.HashData(keyBytes ,bytes);
var hsha384V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA384, bytes, keyBytes);
Console.WriteLine(hsha384V2.SequenceEqual(hsha384V1));
 
// HMACSHA512
var hsha512V1 = HMACSHA512.HashData(keyBytes ,bytes);
var hsha512V2 = HashHelper.GetHashedBytes(HashType.SHA512, bytes, keyBytes);
Console.WriteLine(hsha512V2.SequenceEqual(hsha512V1));